The Myth of Icarus
By Kenzie Kolle, Denise Howie, Brooklyn Elwood, and Keilan Caton | ENGL 211Table of Contents
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Introduction
- Icarus Around the World
- Icarus in Art
- Icarus in Poetry
- Icarus in Music
- Icarus in Business
- Icarus in Pop Culture
- Icarus in Other Media
- About the Authors
Introduction
For Ancient Literature 211, our group was tasked with finding a myth from one of our primary texts and creating a blog post detailing how that myth changes in different historical contexts. We chose to focus on the story of Icarus, a widely told story all across the globe. In Ovid’s Metamorphoses, written around 8 AD, we learn the tale of Daedalus and Icarus, a father and son imprisoned in a tower. The father, Daedalus, is an inventor and fashions wings made of leather straps, stray bird feathers, and candle wax so he and his son can escape the tower. When they are flying, they must stay between the water and the sun, so the wings will function properly. Icarus is thrilled with flight and gets too close to the sun. His wings melt away and he falls to his death.
We chose the myth of Icarus and found different adaptations and references throughout history, digging deeper into the meaning of the widely known story. Icarus’s story is fascinating, as well as popular, making it easier to find information. We chose our topic out of the blue after one of our members blurted it out, and it was so well-known by the rest of us, that we immediately jumped at the suggestion. Each person in our group had come across and known the myth of Icarus, giving us an advantage of knowing there would be plenty of examples.
Adkins, Amy. "The Myth of Icarus and Daedalus." YouTube, TED-Ed, 13 March 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s2QPQnuaGk
Icarus Around the World
Other cultures around the world have their own version of the story of Icarus.
King Kai Kawus
In Persian between 500-1000 A.D., the supreme god, Ahura Mazda, decreed that everyone should be devoted to Asha, truth and order. If they chose a path of lies and chaos, Angra Mainyu, it would be evident through their self-indulgence, faithlessness, and cruelty. Those who chose chaos would be dropped into the House of Lies, a place where they would be utterly along in their sins. A Persian Icarus myth contained in the Book of Kings, composed by the poet Ferdowsi in A.D. 1000, says King Kai Kawus was tempted by evil spirits and Angra Mainyu to invade heaven with the help of a flying craft. This craft consisted of a throne with four long oles attached to the corners. Pieces of meat were tied to the tops of each pole and hungry eagles were chained to the bottom. As the eagles tried to fly up to the meat, they lifted the throne. And because what goes up must come down, when the eagles grew tired, the throne crashed down. He is known as “The Foolish King,” even though the legend says the flying throne went all the way to China. Like Icarus, he wanted to be like a god and was punished for crossing the line set forth by the gods.
Photo Credit: From a Persian manuscript of the Shahnamab, dated 1587-88 A. D., now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
King Bladud
There is not a lot of written history of 6th century Britain. The Romans had just left the area and the Anglo-Saxons were moving in. The British Icarus myth of King Bladud may have been a fabrication, but it is definitely a cautionary tale of pride at a time when a new ruling class was beginning its reign. King Bladud is credited as being the founder of the City of Bath in England. Bladud was sent by his father to study Liberal Arts in Athens. When his father died, Bladud returned to Briton to become its king, but because it was discovered that he had contracted leprosy while studying in Athens, he was imprisoned. He later escaped and went into hiding, finding himself a pig herder at Swainswick. He noticed when it got cold his pigs would go into an area surrounded by alder trees. Bladud apparently realized that the pigs who used the warm mud were not prone to skin diseases. After he bathed in the mud Bhadud was cured of his leprosy and could now become king. He later founded Bath as a tourist area where people could cure themselves.
Despite his success at curing his own leprosy, Bladud is said to have used his necromancy to create wings like a bird for himself … wings he could use to fly. Unfortunately, on his maiden flight from New Troy to the Temple of Apollo in London he jumped from up high and either plummeted to his death in front of his horrified loyal subjects, or he actually got up into the air and flew. But as he twisted his body in the air, his aerodynamic form was lost, along with the ability to maintain his flight, and came crashing down, hitting a wall, and breaking his neck in the Temple of Apollo.
Like Icarus, he was proud (of his ability to cure leprosy), but that confidence was misplaced onto the invention of wings. He fell to his death for not knowing his limitations.
Photo Credit for King Bladud: An image of Bladud attempting to fly with his artificial wings (from the Lyte Pedigree of 1605. British Library Catalog entry Add. Ms. 48343).
Sampati
In Indian culture, a basic teaching of Ramayan is that no matter how powerful evil is, it will always be defeated by good and truth. Sampati, an Indian mythological figure resembling Icarus, plays a part in conquering the evil of Ravana, who kidnapped the goddess Sita. Sampati, a vulture, was the elder brother of Jatayu and the son of Arun, who drove the chariot of the Sun god. Sampati and his brother Jatayu could fly higher than any other bird in the sky. One day Sampati and Jatayu decided to have a race to the Sun. They flew so high that their wings began to scorch. To protect his younger brother from the Sun’s rays, Sampati spread his wings over him. As a result, his own wings were completely burned and he fell down to the earth, near the Vindhya Mountains by the Southern Sea. Sampati’s eyesight was also weakened by flying too near the sun. Like Icarus, he was punished for trying to be on the same level as the gods, even though his intention was not to become a god.
Photo credit: https://www.indianetzone.com/35/sampati_semidivine_bird_hindu_mythology.htm
Icarus in Art
The story of Icarus has also been an influnce for many western artists throughout history. The popularity of this myth with western artists is probably because of Icarus’s connotations to angels in the Christian religion, specifically Satan.
Photo Credit: Landscape with the fall of Icarus
“Landscape with the Fall of Icarus” by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, 1560This painting is famous for it's use of perspective. While the painting is titled "Landscape with the Fall of Icarus", Icarus is not the focal point and can only just be seen flailing in the bottom right corner of the painting. The people witnessing this tragedy don't really seem to care what's happening. This painting is famous for it's use of perspective.
Photo Credit: The Fall of Icarus
“The Fall of Icarus" by Jacob Peter Gowy, 1615In this painting, Icarus and his father are both depicted. Daedalus looks on as his son's wings fail and he falls to his death into the ocean.
Photo Credit: Icarus and Daedalus
“Icarus and Daedalus” by Frederic Leighton, 1869Icarus appears much lighter than his father as the sun is shining directly on him while they prepare for their flight. The black fabric billowing behind him is an allusion to his dark fate.
Photo Credit: The Lament of Icarus
“The Lament of Icarus” by Herbert James Draper, 1898Icarus's body is being held by nymphs after his fall. His wings in this painting are huge, almost the size of his whole body. They look like angel wings, another allusion to Icarus as a fallen angel.
Icarus in Poetry
"The House of Fame" by Geffrey Chaucer, 1370
“That all the world then to my eye
Seemed less than a slight pin-prick,
Or else the air had grown so thick
That I could nothing there discern.
With that he spoke to me in turn
And said: ‘Do you see any town
Or aught you know, yonder, down?’
I said: ‘Nay.’ ‘No wonder that is,’
Quoth he, ‘not half so high as this
Did great Alexander go,
Or the king, that Scipio
Who saw in dream, with his eyes
All Hell and Earth and Paradise,
Nor that wretched Daedalus,
Nor his lost child, Icarus,
Who flew so high that the heat
Made his wings melt till in the sea
He fell straight, and drowned he then,
For whom was made such great lament.”
— Chaucer - The House of Fame
“House of Fame,” written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century, was interpreted as Chaucer questioning the importance of tradition and literary authority. He was trying new ideas and coming to new conclusions about his standing as a poet. In an allusion to Icarus and probably himself, an eagle takes the poet on a journey to the House of Fame in the heavens. “House of Fame,” was written sometime between 1374 and 1385. The poet falls asleep and dreams he is in Venus’s Temple of Glass where he sees the Aeneid depicted on a piece of brass. He speaks of Aeneas and Dido, Venus, Juno and Jove and many other characters from the Aeneid, but at the end of this section the poet sees an eagle. The eagle lands next to him and becomes his transportation hundreds of miles into the sky to the House of Fame. The eagle carries the poet in his talons and they fly “higher than Icarus” on their way. He explains to the poet that Fame is arbitrary and sometimes writers will try too hard to succeed with less than superior work. The eagle departs and Chaucer enters the Rumour’s Palace of Fame where he sees characters from classical and biblical lore. Eolus plays a trumpet to begin a parade of celebrities. Towards the end of the poem comes a vision of people bearing false tidings and mass confusions ensues. The situation seems to be about to be resolved by the appearance of a man of great authority, but the poem ends, like all great dreams.
The eagle in this poem represents Daedalus and the poet represents Icarus. The eagle helps the poet to fly to the House of Fame, but warns him that Fame can be fickle and take care how he handles, much like Daedalus warned Icarus not to fly too close to sun. Both the poet and Icarus are encouraged to take the middle path. Icarus flies too high and falls out of the sky, while our poet makes it to Rumour’s palace, but his dream ends in confusion and he doesn’t receive the knowledge he seeks and longs for resolution.
———"Paradise Lost" by John Milton, 1667
“He spreads for flight, and in the surging smoak
Uplifted spurns the ground, thence many a League
As in a cloudy Chair ascending rides
Audacious, but that seat soon failing, meets
A vast vacuitie: all unawares
Fluttring his pennons vain plumb down he drops
Ten thousand fadom deep, and to this hour
Down had been falling, had not by ill chance
The strong rebuff of som tumultuous cloud
Instinct with Fire and Nitre hurried him
As many miles aloft: that furie stay'd,
Quencht in a Boggie Syrtris…”
— Milton, John. “Book 2.” Paradise Lost
John Milton’s 17th century epic poem, Paradise Lost, is obviously Christian in nature, but he sympathizes with Satan, his hero. Satan is a rebellious son, much like Icarus with Daedalus, and this poem flies in the face of Christian ideology. In Book 2, after much discussion between the devils, Satan decides he will find Hell’s gate on his own. When he arrives, he sees that it is actually nine gates - three brass, three iron, and three adamantine. They are guarded by two strange figures. One looks like a woman from the waist up, but her bottom half is serpent-like and she is surrounded by howling dogs. The other figure is only a dark shadow. Satan confronts the shadow and demands to be allowed through the gates. Satan is ready to fight, but the woman tells him she was born from his mind and was named Sin. The shadow, Death, is their son. Death then raped his mother who became pregnant with the dogs that surround her. They guard the gates of Hell and hold its keys.
Satan explains his plot against God. After hearing the plan, Sin unlocks the gates, opening into the great dark abyss. Satan flies out but falls fathoms through the darkness, until a cloud of fire catches him and he makes his way toward a great noise. It is Chaos, the ruler of the abyss. Chaos is joined by Night, Confusion, and Discord. Satan explains his plan to Chaos and asks for help, saying he will repay him by reclaiming the Earth, bringing more disorder to the universe. Chaos agrees and shows Satan the way to where the Earth has recently been created. Satan struggles onward, with Sin and Death follow far behind. They build a bridge from Hell to Earth so evil spirits can travel back and forth to tempt mortals.
The parallel to Icarus is Satan’s fall through darkness into Chaos’s realm. It was his decision to go on his own and it was harder than he had anticipated. As Icarus learned too late not to fly too close to the sun and died, Satan learned that he had an incestuous relationship with his daughter, Sin, and spawned Death. Both men learned hard truths.
———Icarus and his Star
"the icarus you know
the icarus you knew
the icarus who has fallen
the one who is an icarus anew
has loved a star that is brighter than usual
but a star that shines just like every other star
nothing new
but a star can blind you when it gets too close
when YOU get too close
but icarus didnt mind
because you wouldnt know how blind you are
until the light's suddenly off
The star had fallen
Much like icarus himself
But he has fallen gracefully and at will
Unlike icarus who was ripped of his wings and had fallen ill
But together they stayed
And together they grew
Icarus and his star had started anew
But what icarus didn't know
Or rather, what he decided to ignore
Was that the sun was a star
And a star has to prioritize light over love
It happened once when his sun chose to shine, still
Even though it knew that it would melt off icarus's wings
And it happened again with his star
As his star starts to lose his light
"I have to go home and see to it that my light doesn't go off"
The star said as he prepares himself
"You're leaving me" icarus said
Blinded by his needs and his selfishness
"It's not like that my love. I would never want to lose you but I cannot lose myself for you" the star had said through his tears
He saw icarus was not hearing him
Was not understanding him
So he did what he swore not to do
He broke his own heart and left only with half of a whole
That was the last that icarus heard of his star
Now he wears his heart in his sleeves and his stars heart around his neck
And now the icarus you know
the icarus you knew
the icarus who has fallen
the one who is an icarus anew
has loved a star that is brighter than usual
And loves him still, but on a brighter point of view"
— Icarus Fray, "Icarus and His Star"
This contemporary poem uses the Icarus myth to show how love can blind us to our shortcomings, but also how we can be true to ourselves and still love. Icarus was obsessed with the sun and flew too close. The sun had to be what it was and chose to continue shining even though it would hurt Icarus. The falling star chose to fall gracefully by choice, unlike Icarus. After they fell, they stayed together, fell in love and made a fresh start, but again the star had to be true to itself and went back into the heavens. Icarus was blinded by love and couldn’t understand why he was being abandoned, so the star broke its heart in half and now shines brighter in the sky because of its love for Icarus. The Icarus of this poem is self absorbed and can’t see how his relationships are unhealthy. He asks for everything, but gives nothing in return. The sun couldn’t stop shining just because Icarus was getting too close. The star needed to go back into the heavens to continue shining. It couldn’t deny who it was or be less because Icarus didn’t want to be alone. This poem uses the Icarus myth to show that love doesn’t need to be all consuming; we can still do what makes us happy and have the capacity to love.
Icarus in Music
"The Flight of Icarus" by Iron Maiden, 1983
For all of those mythology and metal fans out there, the british heavy metal band Iron Maiden have a song titled “The Flight of Icarus”. This song (much much shorter than any of their other songs) is loosely based on the original myth, however, it is more of an allegory for teenage rebellion. In the song Icarus, “the young boy”, looks his father, Daedalus, “the old man” in the eye and yells, “In the name of God my father I fly” (Iron Maiden).
A main theme of heavy metal is rebellion and fighting the system, which Iron Maiden encourages Icarus and the audience to do by singing, "Fly and touch the sun" (Iron Maiden). Icarus does indeed fly, betraying his father's warnings, rebelling against him, and sadly it results in his death, “Now his wings turn to ashes to ashes his grave” (Iron Maiden). But the band continues to urge him to "touch the sun". Their saying, try to stand up for what you believe in even if you fail, kind of the opposite of the orginial myth that warns people about being to ambitious.
The cover of this single is also a bit of a satirical reference to the myth, featuring Eddie (the band’s demonic mascot) blowtorching Icarus midair.
Iron Maiden. "The Flight of Icarus." YouTube, 7 August 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4w2BZXL6Ss&list=PLfFlkQW2Fn-HNOzLwjEV0wDCZU229Wfm_
"Icarus" by Sims, 2015
Though Icarus’s story is seen as a cautionary tale the majority of the time it is told, musician Sims created his own, using it as an argument to live your life to the fullest instead of holding back and playing it safe. In his song “Icarus”, Sims raps about feeling so on top of the world, he feels like he’s flying higher and higher. However, this isn’t seen as a bad thing. He hypes up the idea of flying as high as you can because you only have this one life to experience this feeling; so you “might as well live boldly” (citation). This is an interesting take on the story of Icarus, due to the fact that usually it’s used to keep people from living recklessly or too boldly. It’s fascinating to see two different sides of the same story.
Sims. "Icarus." YouTube, 11 October 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s2QPQnuaGk
Icarus in Business
Icarus, whose father fashioned wings out of wax and bird feathers to escape an island, was so taken by his ability to fly, he ignored his father’s warnings and flew too close to the sun. Ultimately, the beeswax melted, his wings fell off, and he plummeted to his death.
In 21st century capitalism, this is called the Icarus Paradox. The same thing that had made Icarus successful is what led to his downfall. In his overzealousness, he had become blind to the dangers of flying too close to the sun. This is often seen in very successful companies. Company XYZ becomes successful by making a certain product or doing a specific task, but these acts make them overconfident and blind to the dangers that other situations pose to them. This behavior can often lead to their downfall.
According to Freek Vermeulen, a professor of strategy and entrepreneurship at London Business School, it is a common phenomenon. “Did you know, for example, that when you take the list of Fortune 100 companies in 1966 and compare it with the Fortune 100 in 2006, 66 of those companies don’t even exist anymore? Another 15 still exist but aren’t on the list any longer, while only 19 of them are still there.” You could call it arrogance or naivete but there is definitely blindness; blindness to the danger of continuing a previously winning course of action for too long.
Vermeulen also states, “Over the years, companies begin to focus on the thing that made them successful … but it will also come at the expense of other products, processes, and viewpoints that the company considers less important and off the mark, that are discarded or brushed aside.” Firms cannot adapt to fundamental changes in their business like new competitors, altered customer demand, new technology, or a different business model. It also means businesses operate with fundamental flaws for too long. Being able to diversify and remain relevant is very necessary. This approach would only work in a capitalist economic system. It would be of little use in feudalism or socialism.
Icarus in Pop Culture
Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, 2004
The imagery of Icarus has continued on in modern media, hiding in children’s movies such as Scooby-Doo! 2: Monsters Unleashed. In this movie, the villain who goes by the name Dr. Jonathan Jacobo, attempts to escape prison after constructing makeshift pterodactyl wings so he could fly across the ocean. However, it was believed he failed and drowned as a result. In the end, though, it was discovered that he had survived. The similarities between this and Icarus are incredibly jarring. Icarus and Daedalus made their own wings so they could fly away from prison, across a body of water. Icarus ended up failing because he flew too close to the sun and plummeted toward the water, believed to have drowned.
While not an exact metaphor, Dr. Jacobo is kind of like Icarus in the way that he was too ambitious with his plan to make real monsters. He does suceeded, however, his plan is foiled by those "meddling kids and that dog too."
Icarus in Other Media
"Icarus" Netflix Documentary, 2017
The 2017 Netflix documentary, “Icarus” is a movie that begins as a commentary on doping in sports and morphs into a tale about the dangers of being a Russian whistleblower. Using the title “Icarus,” overtly implies that someone in the film has gotten too close to information that threatens powerful people. The Russian doping scandal (2015-2017) detailed by Dr. Grigory Rodchenkov did just that and they tried to silence his voice.
“Icarus” starts out as a personal investigation of doping in sports by American director Bryan Fogel, an amateur cyclist. He tries to cheat the system like cyclist Lance Armstrong did for years to prove that it is fundamentally flawed. Fogel begins a drug routine to increase his stamina and ability while trying to pass all the tests designed to prevent doping. Fogel is directed toward Dr. Grigory Rodchenkov, head of the Russian anti-doping program and an important figure in athletics in that country.
This is when “Icarus” takes a turn. Under Rodchenkov, Russia wasn’t really against doping, they were against getting caught. Rodchenkov transforms into an international whistleblower, revealing how he helped design and implement a system that gave Russian athletes an advantage and hid the process from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the World Anti-Doping Agency. Rodchenkov also claims this was ordered by Vladimir Putin himself. From here on, the documentary stops focusing on Fogel and gives full attention to Rodchencov, who fears for his life as more details come to light and two people linked with him die under mysterious circumstances. The question of who represents Icarus remains even after the film ends. At first it appears to be Fogel who tries to imitate Lance Armstrong but is completely unsuccessful. Then attention shifts to Rodchenkov, even though he never received accolades from helping others cheat. Or maybe the Russian athletes are Icarus and Rodchenkov is merely Daedalus, the man who built the wings.
About the Authors
Kenzie
Kenzie Kolle (pronounced Collie like the dog) is a junior at Hastings College majoring in English. Kenzie has four cats, Pixel, Roo, Loki, and Ted and can talk with a pretty decent Russian accent.
Denise
Denise Howie is an MAT student working toward a degree in Secondary Education/Language Arts. Denise coaches the Hastings High School Marching Tigers Color Guard and is a substitute teacher for Hastings Public Schools. She and her husband, Michael, have three children and can normally be found in gymnasiums or performing arts auditoriums watching them compete and perform.
Brooklyn
Brooklyn Elwood is part of the class of 2024 and is pursuing a degree in Secondary Education with an emphasis in Language Arts so she can become a high school English teacher. Brooklyn is also part of the Hastings College Forensics team. In her free time, she enjoys reading and writing a variety of different genres
Keilan
Keilan is a freshman at Hastings College. He loves sports and plays football here. So yeah.
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